Chapter 4 Skin and Body Membranes Review Questions

1.iv Anatomical Terminology

Learning Objectives

Past the end of this section, you lot will exist able to:

• Employ appropriate anatomical terminology to identify key trunk structures, trunk regions, and directions in the body
• Demonstrate the anatomical position
• Depict the man trunk using directional and regional terms
• Identify three planes about commonly used in the study of anatomy
• Distinguish between major body cavities

Anatomists and wellness intendance providers use terminology that can be bewildering to the uninitiated; however, the purpose of this language is not to confuse, but rather to increase precision and reduce medical errors. For example, is a scar "above the wrist" located on the forearm two or 3 inches away from the mitt? Or is it at the base of the mitt? Is it on the palm-side or dorsum-side? By using precise anatomical terminology, we eliminate ambiguity. For example, y'all might say a scar "on the anterior antebrachium 3 inches proximal to the carpus". Anatomical terms are derived from ancient Greek and Latin words. Because these languages are no longer used in everyday conversation, the meaning of their words do non change.

Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes. The root of a term ofttimes refers to an organ, tissue, or condition, whereas the prefix or suffix often describes the root. For example, in the disorder hypertension, the prefix "hyper-" means "high" or "over," and the root word "tension" refers to pressure, so the word "hypertension" refers to abnormally high blood force per unit area.

Anatomical Position

To farther increase precision, anatomists standardize the way in which they view the body. Just as maps are normally oriented with north at the peak, the standard body "map," or anatomical position, is that of the body standing upright, with the feet at shoulder width and parallel, toes forward. The upper limbs are held out to each side, and the palms of the hands face forward as illustrated in Figure 1.4.1. Using this standard position reduces confusion. It does non matter how the torso being described is oriented, the terms are used as if information technology is in anatomical position. For case, a scar in the "anterior (front) carpal (wrist) region" would be present on the palm side of the wrist. The term "anterior" would be used even if the hand were palm down on a table.

Figure one.4.1 – Regions of the Human being Body: The man body is shown in anatomical position in an (a) inductive view and a (b) posterior view. The regions of the trunk are labeled in boldface.

A body that is lying down is described as either decumbent or supine. Prone describes a face-down orientation, and supine describes a face up orientation. These terms are sometimes used in describing the position of the body during specific physical examinations or surgical procedures.

Regional Terms

The human being torso'due south numerous regions have specific terms to help increase precision (encounter Effigy i.four.1). Observe that the term "brachium" or "arm" is reserved for the "upper arm" and "antebrachium" or "forearm" is used rather than "lower arm." Similarly, "femur" or "thigh" is correct, and "leg" or "crus" is reserved for the portion of the lower limb betwixt the knee and the ankle. Yous will exist able to depict the torso's regions using the terms from the effigy.

Directional Terms

Certain directional anatomical terms announced throughout this and whatsoever other anatomy textbook (Figure 1.4.2). These terms are essential for describing the relative locations of different trunk structures. For instance, an anatomist might describe one ring of tissue as "inferior to" another or a medico might describe a tumor every bit "superficial to" a deeper body structure. Commit these terms to memory to avert defoliation when you are studying or describing the locations of detail body parts.

• Anterior (or ventral) describes the front or management toward the front of the body. The toes are anterior to the foot.
• Posterior (or dorsal) describes the back or direction toward the dorsum of the body. The popliteus is posterior to the patella.
• Superior (or cranial) describes a position to a higher place or higher than another part of the body proper. The orbits are superior to the oris.
• Inferior (or caudal) describes a position below or lower than some other part of the body proper; near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or lowest part of the spinal column). The pelvis is inferior to the abdomen.
• Lateral describes the side or direction toward the side of the torso. The thumb (thumb) is lateral to the digits.
• Medial describes the middle or direction toward the heart of the trunk. The hallux is the medial toe.
• Proximal describes a position in a limb that is nearer to the point of attachment or the torso of the body. The brachium is proximal to the antebrachium.
• Distal describes a position in a limb that is farther from the indicate of attachment or the trunk of the body. The crus is distal to the femur.
• Superficial describes a position closer to the surface of the body. The skin is superficial to the bones.
• Deep describes a position farther from the surface of the trunk. The brain is deep to the skull.

Figure 1.4.2 – Directional Terms Practical to the Homo Body: Paired directional terms are shown every bit practical to the human body.

Torso Planes

A section is a two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional construction that has been cut. Mod medical imaging devices enable clinicians to obtain "virtual sections" of living bodies. We call these scans. Torso sections and scans tin can be correctly interpreted, only if the viewer understands the airplane forth which the section was made. A aeroplane is an imaginary, two-dimensional surface that passes through the torso. In that location are three planes ordinarily referred to in anatomy and medicine, as illustrated in Effigy 1.4.three.

• The sagittal airplane divides the body or an organ vertically into right and left sides. If this vertical plane runs straight downwards the middle of the trunk, information technology is called the midsagittal or median plane. If it divides the body into diff correct and left sides, it is called a parasagittal plane or less commonly a longitudinal department.
• The frontal plane divides the torso or an organ into an anterior (front) portion and a posterior (rear) portion. The frontal plane is ofttimes referred to every bit a coronal plane. ("Corona" is Latin for "crown.")
• The transverse (or horizontal) plane divides the trunk or organ horizontally into upper and lower portions. Transverse planes produce images referred to as cross sections.

Figure 1.4.3 – Planes of the Body: The 3 planes most normally used in anatomical and medical imaging are the sagittal, frontal (or coronal), and transverse planes.

Torso Cavities

The body maintains its internal organization by means of membranes, sheaths, and other structures that separate compartments. The main cavities of the trunk include the cranial, thoracic and abdominopelvic (likewise known as the peritoneal) cavities. The cranial bones create the cranial cavity where the encephalon sits. The thoracic cavity is enclosed by the rib cage and contains the lungs and the heart, which is located in the mediastinum. The diaphragm forms the floor of the thoracic cavity and separates information technology from the more than inferior abdominopelvic/peritoneal cavity. The abdominopelvic/peritoneal crenel is the largest cavity in the body. Although no membrane physically divides the abdominopelvic crenel, information technology can be useful to distinguish between the abdominal cavity, (the division that houses the digestive organs), and the pelvic cavity, (the partitioning that houses the organs of reproduction).

Intestinal Regions and Quadrants

To promote articulate advice, for example, about the location of a patient's intestinal pain or a suspicious mass, health intendance providers typically split up up the cavity into either nine regions or 4 quadrants (Effigy 1.4.4).

Effigy 1.4.4 – Regions and Quadrants of the Peritoneal Crenel: There are (a) nine intestinal regions and (b) four abdominal quadrants in the peritoneal cavity.

The more than detailed regional approach subdivides the cavity with one horizontal line immediately inferior to the ribs and one immediately superior to the pelvis, and two vertical lines fatigued as if dropped from the midpoint of each clavicle (collarbone). There are nine resulting regions. The simpler quadrants approach, which is more than usually used in medicine, subdivides the crenel with 1 horizontal and one vertical line that intersect at the patient'southward omphalus (bellybutton).

Affiliate Review

Ancient Greek and Latin words are used to build anatomical terms. A standard reference position for mapping the body's structures is the normal anatomical position. Regions of the trunk are identified using terms such as "occipital" that are more precise than common words and phrases such every bit "the back of the caput." Directional terms such as inductive and posterior are essential for accurately describing the relative locations of body structures. Images of the trunk'south interior commonly align along one of three planes: the sagittal, frontal, or transverse.

Review Questions

Critical Thinking Questions

In which direction would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the torso in the frontal airplane, and in which management would an MRI scanner move to produce sequential images of the body in the sagittal plane?

If the body were supine or prone, the MRI scanner would motion from summit to bottom to produce frontal sections, which would divide the body into inductive and posterior portions, as in "cutting" a deck of cards. Again, if the body were supine or prone, to produce sagittal sections, the scanner would move from left to right or from right to left to divide the body lengthwise into left and right portions.

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Source: https://open.oregonstate.education/aandp/chapter/1-4-anatomical-terminology/

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